DEFINISI
Pengertian umum abstrak merupakan penyajian singkat mengenai isi tulisan sehingga pada tulisan, ia menjadi bagian tersendiri. Abstrak berfungsi untuk menjelaskan secara singkat kepada pembaca.Sedangkan pengertian khusus abstrak adalah sesuatu yang dilihat tidak mengacu kepada obyek atau peristiwa khusus. Abstraksi menyajikan secara simbolis atau secara konseptual serta secara imajinatif sesuaru yang tidak dialami secara langsung.
Jadi abstrak adalah kata yang menunjukan kepada sifat, keadaan dan kegiatan yang dilepas dari objek tertentu. Pemahaman akan pengertian abstrak sepertinya masih dianggap sebagai suatu yang sulit bahkan tak teraplikasi. Sebagaimana tertera di atas, suatu perikatan adalah suatu pengertian abstrak (dalam arti tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata), maka suatu perjanjian adalah suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang konkret. Misalnya : Perjanjian jual beli
FUNGSI ABSTRAK
Fungsi abstrak adalah untuk memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat perihal hasil penelitian yang telah dibuat. Uraian yang hanya satu halaman tersebut memudahkan abstrak dimasukkan dalam jaringan internet. Hal ini dimaksudkan memudahkan anda mengetahui hasil penelitian tanpa harus membaca keseluruhan penelitian yang berlembar lembar. Sehingga abstrak membantu anda dalam mencari referensi dalam penelitian yang anda cari.
Jenis-jenis Abstrak
Abstrak diklasifikasikan dalam dua jenis berikut ini.
- Abstrak indikatif adalah abstrak yang menyajikan uraian secara singkat mengenaimasalah yang terkandung dalam laporan atau karya ilmiah lengkapnya. Abstrak indikatif bertujuan agar pembaca mengetahui isi informasi tanpa memadatkan isi informasi aslinya dan hanya memberikan indikasi sasaran cakupan tulisan. Maka, pembaca dapat mempertimbangkan apakan tulisan asli perlu dibaca atau tidak.
- Abstrak informatif adalah miniatur laporan atau karya ilmiah asli dengan menyajikan data dan informasi secara lengkap sehingga pembaca tidak perlu lagi membaca tulisan aslinya, kecuali untuk mendalaminya. Dalam abstrak informatif, disajikan keseluruhan tulisan asli dalam bentuk mini. Seperti, judul, penulis, institusi, tujuan, metode dan analisis laporan, hasil penelitian, dan simpulan
Contoh Abstrak
Spin cylinder viscosimeter apparatus is an apparatus resulted from the completion of apparenty four existing apparatus, viz. Free falling ball in fluid methode, Ostwald viscosimeter, manual cylinder viscosimeter and outer part spin concentric cylinder viscosimeter.
From the result of measurement using spin cylinder viscosimeter, calibration is done using reference data from PERTAMINA. After apparatus calibration above, next step is comparing the result of measurement form spin cylinder viscosimeter apparatus with measurement result from Ostwald viscosimeter. It is gained that the result of measurement from spin cylinder viscosimeter is as good as the result gained from Ostwald viscisimeter.
The final step is cunducting research concerning the connection between temperature difference and viscosity difference, especially to find out wether the , apparatus can still work when temperature is change, at the time of measurement. It turned out that the apparatus can still detect viscosity difference of oil fluid when the oil suffer from temperature difference.
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Technology has been growing rapidly. Nowdays, research and development had been taken place especially passive utilization of safety feature. Early experiment about natural convection has been conducted by former researchers. Those early experiment has become basic reference for this thesis research. The purpose of this thesis are to provide virtual models, provide assesmeni of natural convective heat transfer characteristic at NPP containment surface and also conduct parametric study for variation on .gap and containment cylinder height.
Method which was used in this thesis were design models with GAMBIT by keeping similiarity's rule so that the result can be applied at full scale. There are 12 models has made. The three of them used three dimentional configuration and the rest usedexysymetry configuration. The next step were provide a numerical analysis by using FLUENT software. The Last Step was to make a conclusion from numerical analysis that has been conducted.
Based on numerical calculation analysis result, there were a change in heat transfer charateristic at 671.36 W/m2 heat flux or ekuvalent with 3000 Vl power. Another result show that containment becomes cooler with existence of baffle. This mean that baffie as air director work properly so that better cooling system achieved. Enclosure cylinder heat transfer correlation derivated from model with baffie. Vertical cylinder correlation can be derivated from model with no outher wall and baffie.
keywords: natural convection, API000 model, passive containment cooling system (PCCS), heat
transfer coeficient, constant heat flux, CFD, FLUENT, GAMBIT.
- Contoh abstrak pada skripsi UGM
Abstract
Designing and Construction of Spin Cylinder Vicosimeter Apparatus
by:
Daddy Setyawan
98/121842/PA/07486
The designing and construction of spin cylinder viscosimeter apparatus has been conducted, that is a methode of measuring viscosity of fluid based on the exsistence of friction between the fluid poured into the cylinder and the cylinder itself Friction occur between them (fluid and cylinder) because the cylinder is spined by a spinning motor.
Spin cylinder viscosimeter apparatus is an apparatus resulted from the completion of apparenty four existing apparatus, viz. Free falling ball in fluid methode, Ostwald viscosimeter, manual cylinder viscosimeter and outer part spin concentric cylinder viscosimeter.
From the result of measurement using spin cylinder viscosimeter, calibration is done using reference data from PERTAMINA. After apparatus calibration above, next step is comparing the result of measurement form spin cylinder viscosimeter apparatus with measurement result from Ostwald viscosimeter. It is gained that the result of measurement from spin cylinder viscosimeter is as good as the result gained from Ostwald viscisimeter.
The final step is cunducting research concerning the connection between temperature difference and viscosity difference, especially to find out wether the , apparatus can still work when temperature is change, at the time of measurement. It turned out that the apparatus can still detect viscosity difference of oil fluid when the oil suffer from temperature difference.
Keyword: spin cylinder viscosimeter, friction, temperature difference, viscosity
different
different
- Contoh abstrak pada Tesis ITB
NUMERICAL ASSESMENT FOR CHARACTERISTIC OF PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM USING AIR BY NATURAL CONVECTION ON APIOOO MODEL CONTAINMENT
By
Widi Laksmono
NIM : 24907008
(Program Studi of Nuclear Science and Engineering)
By
Widi Laksmono
NIM : 24907008
(Program Studi of Nuclear Science and Engineering)
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Technology has been growing rapidly. Nowdays, research and development had been taken place especially passive utilization of safety feature. Early experiment about natural convection has been conducted by former researchers. Those early experiment has become basic reference for this thesis research. The purpose of this thesis are to provide virtual models, provide assesmeni of natural convective heat transfer characteristic at NPP containment surface and also conduct parametric study for variation on .gap and containment cylinder height.
Method which was used in this thesis were design models with GAMBIT by keeping similiarity's rule so that the result can be applied at full scale. There are 12 models has made. The three of them used three dimentional configuration and the rest usedexysymetry configuration. The next step were provide a numerical analysis by using FLUENT software. The Last Step was to make a conclusion from numerical analysis that has been conducted.
Based on numerical calculation analysis result, there were a change in heat transfer charateristic at 671.36 W/m2 heat flux or ekuvalent with 3000 Vl power. Another result show that containment becomes cooler with existence of baffle. This mean that baffie as air director work properly so that better cooling system achieved. Enclosure cylinder heat transfer correlation derivated from model with baffie. Vertical cylinder correlation can be derivated from model with no outher wall and baffie.
keywords: natural convection, API000 model, passive containment cooling system (PCCS), heat
transfer coeficient, constant heat flux, CFD, FLUENT, GAMBIT.
Referensi: http://delarochaa.blogspot.co.id/2014/01/abstrak-pengertian-fungsi-dan-jenis.html
https://adityanugraha114.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/abstrak-pengertian-fungsi-dan-jenis-jenisnya/
